Biological age indicates how the body is aging at a cellular and molecular level, influencing the likelihood of developing age-related issues such as heart disease or cognitive impairment. In contrast to chronological age, which simply counts years lived, biological age can be improved and actively managed. It is calculated using a composite of clinical biomarkers.

Measures the number of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles in the blood, which may offer a more accurate reflection of cardiovascular protection than HDL cholesterol alone. Higher particle counts are generally associated with better heart health and more efficient cholesterol transport.

Reflects the amount of cholesterol carried by HDL particles - often referred to as “good cholesterol.” Higher levels are typically linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, as HDL helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.

Measures the amount of cholesterol carried by LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles, commonly called “bad cholesterol.” Elevated levels are associated with a higher risk of plaque buildup in arteries and cardiovascular disease.

Measures the total number of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles in the blood. A higher number of small, dense LDL particles is more strongly associated with plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. This marker provides a more accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone.

This ratio compares total cholesterol to HDL (“good”) cholesterol and is used to estimate overall cardiovascular risk. A higher ratio suggests a greater risk of heart disease and stroke, while a lower ratio indicates a more protective lipid profile. It provides context beyond total cholesterol alone.

Total cholesterol reflects the overall amount of cholesterol circulating in your blood, including HDL (“good”), LDL (“bad”), and other lipid particles. While cholesterol plays a vital role in cell structure, hormone production, brain function, and vitamin D synthesis, elevated levels may contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries - increasing the risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Interpreting this marker alongside other lipid and metabolic markers provides a clearer picture of cardiovascular risk.

Measures levels of the most common type of fat stored in the body. This biomarker, especially when compared to HDL levels, provides important information about metabolic health and cardiovascular risk.

hs-CRP is a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation. It measures low levels of C-reactive protein, which is produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. In functional medicine, elevated hs-CRP is viewed as an early warning sign of chronic, low-grade inflammation - often linked to insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune activity, and other metabolic dysfunctions.

Measures all cholesterol that is not HDL, including LDL and other atherogenic particles. It's a strong indicator of cardiovascular and metabolic risk, with elevated levels being linked to conditions like insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

ApoB is a key protein involved in transporting lipids through the bloodstream. Since each cholesterol-carrying particle that contributes to plaque buildup contains one ApoB, this test offers a more precise assessment of cardiovascular risk when used alongside standard lipid panels.

Homocysteine is an amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid from protein. Elevated homocysteine levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. High levels may reflect nutrient deficiencies in B6, B12, or folate, which are needed to properly break it down. In functional medicine, it’s a key marker for methylation status, inflammation, and vascular health.

Lp(a) is a type of cholesterol particle linked to a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes - even in people with normal cholesterol levels. It's mostly determined by genetics and doesn’t change much with diet or exercise. When elevated, Lp(a) can stick to artery walls, promote plaque buildup, and increase clotting, making it an important but often overlooked risk factor for heart disease.

ApoA-I is the primary protein in HDL (“good cholesterol”) and plays a key role in transporting excess cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver for removal. Higher levels are linked to better cholesterol balance and overall cardiovascular protection.

This ratio compares the number of cholesterol-carrying particles that promote cardiovascular risk (ApoB) to those that protect against it (ApoA-I). A higher ratio indicates an imbalance between “bad” and “good” lipoproteins and is a strong predictor of heart disease risk. It provides a powerful, particle-based view of lipid health that goes beyond standard cholesterol tests.

A logarithmic ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol used to predict cardiovascular disease risk.

The ratio of non-HDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol estimating the balance between atherogenic and protective lipoproteins.

The proportion of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol relative to total cholesterol, indicating the fraction of circulating cholesterol considered most atherogenic.

The ratio comparing LDL cholesterol concentration to apolipoprotein B levels, serving as a marker of LDL particle cholesterol content and cardiovascular risk.

The ratio of harmful low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to protective high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, used to evaluate lipid-related cardiovascular risk.

A ratio reflecting systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis risk by comparing monocyte count to HDL cholesterol levels.

A ratio expressing the balance between neutrophil-driven inflammation and HDL cholesterol’s protective effects.

Indicates the proportion of cholesterol carried in atherogenic lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, LDL) relative to total cholesterol.

Fasting glucose measures the level of sugar in your blood after 8–12 hours without food. While often used to screen for diabetes, even mildly elevated levels can reflect early shifts in metabolic health. In functional medicine, fasting glucose is viewed as a dynamic marker influenced by stress, sleep quality, adrenal function, inflammation, and dietary patterns. When interpreted alongside insulin and HbA1c, it helps reveal hidden blood sugar imbalances long before diabetes develops.

Fasting insulin reflects how much insulin the body needs to keep blood sugar stable in a fasted state. Chronically elevated levels - often present long before glucose rises - are a strong early signal of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Fasting insluin is a key marker for identifying blood sugar dysregulation, weight gain tendencies, energy crashes, and inflammatory states.

HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose over the past 90 days by measuring the percentage of glucose bound to haemoglobin. It is a key marker for assessing long-term glycemic control and metabolic health, capturing fluctutions that a single glucose test might miss. HbA1c helps identify hyperglycemia, oxidative stress risk, and early progression toward insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.

Leptin is the hormone that signals fullness and regulates energy expenditure. When leptin is chronically elevated - often due to inflammation or excess body fat - the brain stops responding, leading to leptin resistance. This creates a vicious cycle of persistent hunger, slowed metabolism, and fat storage. Leptin is a central marker in assessing weight loss resistance, metabolic inflammation, and hormonal imbalance.

Traditionally associated with gout, uric acid is now recognized as a broader marker of metabolic overload. It reflects the body’s ability to handle fructose, purines, and oxidative stress. Elevated levels may indicate poor detoxification, mitochondrial dysfunction, or increased risk for insulin resistance, fatty liver, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome - even in people without gout.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate is the most stable and abundant ketone body in the blood, produced when the body shifts from burning glucose to burning fat for fuel. Elevated levels are expected during fasting, ketogenic diets, or prolonged exercise. In functional medicine, this biomarker reflects metabolic flexibility, fat adaptation, and mitochondrial function.

Compares measured glucose with HbA1c-derived estimates, identifying discrepancies in glycation independent of glycemia.

A marker of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk.

A logarithmic index of fasting triglycerides and glucose, used as a surrogate for insulin resistance.

Thyroglobulin antibodies target thyroglobulin, a key protein involved in the synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones. Elevated levels may indicate autoimmune thyroid disease, such as Hashimoto’s or Graves’, even before TSH or T4 become abnormal. They may also contribute to thyroid inflammation and tissue destruction over time.

Thyroid peroxidase antibodies target thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. TPOAb is the most common marker for autoimmune thyroid conditions, particularly Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Even in euthyroid states, elevated TPOAb may signal early immune dysregulation, often linked to gluten sensitivity, gut permeability, or chronic inflammation.

TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and signals the thyroid to release T4 and T3. It's a regulatory marker but not always reflective of tissue-level thyroid activity. Functional medicine interprets TSH alongside free T3 free T4, and thyroid antibodies, as TSH can remain normal in early stages of thyroid dysfunction, including subclinical hypothyroidism or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Free T4 is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It circulates in an unbound form and must be converted into T3 to become biologically active. Low levels can suggest underactive thyroid function, while normal T4 with low T3 may point to poor conversion due to stress, inflammation, or nutrient insufficiencies.

Free T3 is the active form of thyroid hormone available to cells. It reflects how well the body converts T4 into T3 and how effectively cells are receiving thyroid signals. Suboptimal levels, even with normal TSH, may indicate impaired conversion, chronic stress, inflammation, or nutrient deficiencies (e.g., selenium, zinc).

Reverse T3 is an inactive form of thyroid hormone produced from T4, often in response to chronic stress, inflammation, illness, or nutrient deficiencies. When rT3 is elevated, it can block active T3 from binding to receptors, leading to symptoms like fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, cold intolerance, and slowed metabolism.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral critical for thyroid hormone conversion, antioxidant defense (via glutathione), and immune regulation. It supports the activity of enzymes like deiodinases that convert T4 to active T3. Low selenium levels are commonly associated with thyroid dysfunction, increased inflammation, and impaired detoxification capacity.

Iodine is an essential trace mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Adequate iodine is critical for metabolic regulation, cognitive function, and reproductive health. Deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism, fatigue, weight gain, and goiter, while excess intake may trigger or worsen autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) helps keep calcium and phosphorus in balance, which is vital for bone health, muscle function, and nerve health. Measuring PTH can uncover parathyroid gland issues and other conditions that affect how your body regulates calcium.

The T3/T4 ratio reflects peripheral thyroid hormone conversion—how well the body activates T4 (inactive) to T3 (active). A low ratio may indicate poor conversion due to liver congestion, selenium/zinc deficiency, stress, or inflammation.

Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in iron metabolism, energy production, neurotransmitter function, and antioxidant defense. Imbalances - both deficiency and excess - can impact mood, immunity, connective tissue integrity, and cardiovascular health.

Manganese is a trace mineral necessary for mitochondrial function, collagen formation, bone development, and antioxidant defense. Low levels may impair wound healing, glucose regulation, or skeletal integrity, while excess manganese may be neurotoxic.

Zinc is a critical mineral for immune function, hormone production, wound healing, skin health, and DNA synthesis. It also plays a key role in modulating inflammation and supporting gut barrier integrity. Low zinc is common in chronic stress, poor diets, and inflammatory conditions.

Folate is essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and methylation, which supports detoxification, hormone balance, and gene regulation. It helps lower homocysteine, a marker linked to cardiovascular and neurological risk. Adequate folate is especially important for fertility and healthy pregnancy outcomes.

Active B12 reflects the fraction of vitamin B12 available for cellular uptake, making it a more accurate indicator of functional B12 status than total B12. It is essential for energy production, neurological health, red blood cell formation, and methylation.

25-hydroxyvitamin D is the best marker of vitamin D status, reflecting total vitamin D from sunlight, food, and supplements. It plays a central role in immune regulation, bone health, hormone function, and inflammation control. Suboptimal levels are linked to increased risk of infections, autoimmune conditions, mood disorders, and fertility challenges.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is a sensitive marker of vitamin B12 deficiency. When B12 is deficient or not being properly utilized, MMA accumulates in the blood. Elevated levels can indicate early or subclinical B12 deficiency - often before changes appear in serum B12 - making it especially useful for detecting causes of fatigue, cognitive changes, neuropathy, or elevated homocysteine.

Vitamin B6 is essential for neurotransmitter synthesis, hormone regulation, homocysteine metabolism, and immune function. Deficiency can lead to mood disturbances, PMS symptoms, poor detoxification, and increased inflammation.

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant involved in collagen synthesis, immune defense, adrenal support, and iron absorption. It protects against oxidative stress and supports skin, vascular, and connective tissue health.

A frontline screening tool for autoimmune disorders, this test detects the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in the blood - immune proteins that mistakenly target the body’s own cell nuclei. A positive result may indicate an underlying autoimmune condition and warrants further diagnostic evaluation.

Rheumatoid factors (RF) are immune antibodies which can indicate inflammation in the body, particularly in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Approximately 50-90% of people with rheumatoid arthritis have these antibodies in their blood. Doctors use RF tests to help detect potential autoimmune conditions early.

This test detects the presence of IgA and IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme targeted in the autoimmune response characteristic of coeliac disease. Elevated levels indicate an immune reaction to gluten and are strongly associated with coeliac disease, making this a primary screening tool for diagnosis.

This test measures IgA and IgG antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides — modified fragments of gluten that are more likely to trigger an immune response in individuals with gluten sensitivity or coeliac disease. Elevated levels suggest an abnormal immune reaction to gluten and can provide early insights into gluten-related inflammation, even in cases where other markers like tTG are negative or inconclusive.

This test identifies whether you carry the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 genes, which are strongly associated with coeliac disease. While not diagnostic on their own, the presence of these genes indicates a genetic predisposition to gluten intolerance.

Your blood type is defined by your ABO group (A, B, AB, or O) and Rh factor (positive or negative). These markers indicate what proteins exist on your red blood cells and determine who can safely receive your blood during transfusions. Blood type also matters for organ transplants and can affect pregnancy when the mother and baby have different Rh factors.

Haematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume. Results provide crucial information about blood composition and oxygen-carrying capacity, helping identify various blood, bone marrow, or systemic conditions.

Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body, essential for energy production and overall health. Results can indicate nutritional status, blood disorders, or effects of chronic conditions on blood cell production and function.

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) measures the average amount of haemoglobin in each red blood cell, providing critical insights into your body's ability to transport oxygen. Results help identify various types of anemia and conditions affecting red blood cell production or development.

This marker reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin inside your red blood cells. It helps assess whether your red blood cells are carrying enough oxygen and can provide insights into different types of anemia, especially when iron, B12, or folate deficiencies are suspected.

MCV measures the average size of your red blood cells. Larger or smaller than normal cells can point to nutrient imbalances such as B12, folate, or iron deficiencies, and can help differentiate between types of anemia.

MPV indicates the average size of your platelets, which are involved in blood clotting. Larger platelets are typically younger and more reactive, and shifts in MPV can signal inflammation, platelet production issues, or cardiovascular risk.

This test measures the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets help with clotting and tissue repair. Abnormal levels may suggest underlying inflammation, bone marrow issues, or increased cardiovascular or autoimmune activity.

Measures the total number of red blood cells in your blood, reflecting your body's capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues. Results help identify anemia, polycythemia, dehydration, or conditions affecting bone marrow function, providing fundamental information about your blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

RDW measures the variation in red blood cell size. A high RDW may indicate nutrient deficiencies, inflammation, or bone marrow stress. It’s a helpful marker for identifying imbalances and understanding the root cause of anemia or other blood disorders.

Compares red blood cell size variation to iron storage levels to help detect and classify different types of anemia.

Ferritin is the primary storage form of iron in the body and a key marker of long-term iron status. Low ferritin typically reflects iron deficiency anemia. However, ferritin is also an acute-phase reactant and may be elevated in states of inflammation, infection, or chronic disease—making context essential for interpretation.

Measures the ratio between ferritin (iron storage) and hs-CRP (inflammation). his ratio helps distinguish whether elevated ferritin reflects healthy iron stores or underlying inflammation. A low ratio suggests ferritin elevation due to inflammation (as an acute-phase reactant), not true iron sufficiency.

Serum iron measures the amount of circulating iron bound to transferrin in the blood. It reflects immediate iron availability but can fluctuate throughout the day or with inflammation. Low levels may suggest deficiency, while elevated levels may indicate overload or poor utilization.

Iron saturation is the percentage of transferrin that is bound with iron. It reflects how much of the body's iron transport capacity is being used. Low saturation can suggest iron deficiency, while high saturation may indicate iron overload or reduced cellular uptake.

TIBC measures the total capacity of the blood to bind and transport iron, reflecting how many binding sites are available on transferrin—the main iron-carrying protein. When iron stores are low, TIBC typically increases as the body attempts to mobilize more iron. Conversely, low TIBC may occur in cases of chronic inflammation, liver dysfunction, or iron overload.

Transferrin is the main protein that transports iron through the bloodstream. Levels usually rise in iron deficiency as the body tries to maximize iron transport, and decrease during inflammation or iron overload.

DHEA-Sulfate is the most abundant circulating hormone in the body, essential for healthy aging, reproductive function, and immune regulation. As a key adrenal hormone and precursor to sex hormones, it offers valuable insight into reproductive health, stress resilience, and overall hormonal balance.

Estradiol is the primary form of estrogen in women of reproductive age. It supports menstrual cycle regulation, ovulation, bone density, skin health, and mood. Imbalances can contribute to symptoms like PMS, irregular cycles, fertility challenges, and menopausal transition.

FSH is a pituitary hormone that stimulates ovarian follicle development and estrogen production. In women, it helps regulate the menstrual cycle and fertility. Elevated levels may indicate reduced ovarian reserve or menopause, while low levels may reflect hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction.

Free testosterone is the unbound, biologically active form of testosterone. It plays a role in mood, libido, metabolic health, and body composition. Testing free testosterone helps assess androgen status more accurately, particularly in women with PCOS or low energy.

Luteinizing hormone works in tandem with FSH to trigger ovulation and stimulate progesterone production after ovulation. Abnormal levels may be seen in conditions like PCOS, amenorrhea, or anovulatory cycles, and can affect fertility and hormonal balance.

Progesterone is a key hormone in the second half of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. It prepares the uterine lining for implantation and supports early gestation. Low levels may lead to PMS, irregular cycles, infertility, or early miscarriage risk, while high levels can occur in pregnancy or with hormonal therapies and may affect mood, fluid retention, and breast tenderness.

Prolactin is best known for its role in milk production after childbirth, but it also affects ovulation and fertility. Elevated levels outside of pregnancy or lactation can suppress reproductive hormones and may signal pituitary dysfunction or hormone imbalance.

SHBG is a liver-derived protein that binds to sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, regulating their availability. In women, SHBG levels can be influenced by insulin resistance, thyroid function, and liver health, and are often altered in PCOS or androgen excess.

Although present in smaller amounts in women, testosterone is essential for libido, muscle tone, energy, and mood. Elevated levels may indicate PCOS or adrenal imbalance, while low levels can contribute to fatigue, low libido, and reduced vitality.

IGF-1 is produced by the liver in response to human growth hormone and reflects the body’s capacity for growth, repair, and regeneration. In both men and women, it supports tissue healing, muscle maintenance, bone density, skin health, and overall vitality. Low levels may be linked to fatigue, reduced recovery, and accelerated aging, while high levels can indicate insulin resistance or underlying metabolic imbalance.

Although present in smaller amounts in women, testosterone is essential for libido, muscle tone, energy, and mood. Elevated levels may indicate PCOS or adrenal imbalance, while low levels can contribute to fatigue, low libido, and reduced vitality.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone is a hormone produced by the ovarian follicles and is a key marker of a woman’s ovarian reserve - the remaining quantity of eggs. It helps assess fertility potential, reproductive lifespan, and response to fertility treatments. Low levels may indicate reduced egg supply or approaching menopause, while elevated levels are often seen in conditions like PCOS.

A hormonal ratio measuring the balance between catabolic cortisol and anabolic dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), reflective of stress and aging processes.

Ratio of total testosterone to SHBG, estimating the biologically active fraction of circulating androgens.

Assesses the balance of androgens to estrogens, relevant in fertility, PCOS, and hormonal disorders.

BPA is a synthetic chemical found in plastics and food packaging. It’s an endocrine disruptor that can interfere with hormone balance, metabolism, and reproductive health. Elevated levels may indicate chronic exposure through diet, water, or consumer products.

PFOA is a type of “forever chemical” used in non-stick cookware, water-resistant fabrics, and industrial processes. It persists in the body and environment and is linked to hormone disruption, immune dysfunction, and increased risk of cancer and metabolic disease.

PFOS is a long-lasting environmental toxin found in stain repellents, firefighting foams, and household products. It accumulates in the body and has been associated with thyroid dysfunction, liver damage, immune dysregulation, and developmental toxicity.

PFHxS is a persistent PFAS compound found in industrial and consumer products. It’s associated with altered thyroid function, immune system effects, and long-term accumulation in the blood and organs, contributing to toxic burden over time.

PFNA is a durable PFAS chemical used in coatings and packaging. It has a long half-life in the body and has been linked to metabolic disruption, inflammation, liver dysfunction, and developmental concerns, particularly with early-life exposure.

Measures the total amount of anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids in the blood. Higher levels support heart, brain, and cellular health, and are associated with reduced inflammation and improved metabolic function.

Quantifies the key long-chain omega-3s - EPA, DPA, and DHA - which play vital roles in reducing inflammation, supporting cardiovascular health, brain function, and immune regulation.

Assesses the balance between pro-inflammatory omega-6 fats and anti-inflammatory omega-3s. A lower ratio is generally associated with better inflammatory control, metabolic health, and disease prevention.

Measures total omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential for hormone and immune function but can promote inflammation when excessive or unbalanced with omega-3s.

A downstream omega-6 fatty acid involved in inflammation and immune signaling. While essential in small amounts, elevated levels may contribute to chronic inflammation and pain-related conditions.

An essential omega-6 fat found in seed oils and processed foods. While necessary for cell membrane health, excess linoleic acid can skew the inflammatory balance when not offset by sufficient omega-3 intake.

DHEA-Sulfate is the most abundant circulating hormone in the body, essential for healthy aging, reproductive function, and immune regulation. As a key adrenal hormone and precursor to sex hormones, it offers valuable insight into reproductive health, stress resilience, and overall hormonal balance.

Often associated with female physiology, estradiol also plays essential roles in men - supporting bone health, cognitive function, libido, and cardiovascular protection. In men, elevated estradiol -often due to excess conversion (aromatization) of testosterone - can contribute to fatigue, mood changes, and increased fat accumulation.

FSH is produced by the pituitary gland and helps regulate sperm production in men. Abnormal levels may indicate testicular dysfunction or issues with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, affecting fertility and hormone balance.

Free testosterone is the active form not bound to proteins like SHBG, and more accurately reflects the hormone available to tissues. Low levels, even with normal total testosterone, can lead to symptoms like fatigue, low libido, and reduced performance.

Luteinizing Hormone stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. Low levels may suggest pituitary dysfunction, while elevated levels can signal testicular resistance or androgen deficiency. It’s a key marker for evaluating testosterone production upstream.

Although best known for its role in lactation, prolactin also influences testosterone regulation and sexual function in men. Elevated prolactin levels can suppress testosterone, contribute to low libido, and are commonly associated with erectile dysfunction.

While present at lower levels in men than in women, progesterone still plays a vital role in male reproductive health. It supports sperm production, balances estrogen, and contributes to brain function, bone density, and emotional regulation.

SHBG is a protein that binds to sex hormones like testosterone, regulating how much is bioavailable. In men, high SHBG can lower free testosterone levels, while low SHBG is often linked to insulin resistance, obesity, or thyroid dysfunction.

Total testosterone measures all circulating testosterone, both bound and unbound. It plays a key role in male health, influencing libido, mood, muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function.

IGF-1 is produced by the liver in response to human growth hormone and reflects the body’s capacity for growth, repair, and regeneration. In both men and women, it supports tissue healing, muscle maintenance, bone density, skin health, and overall vitality. Low levels may be linked to fatigue, reduced recovery, and accelerated aging, while high levels can indicate insulin resistance or underlying metabolic imbalance.

A semen analysis evaluates key aspects of male fertility, including sperm count, motility (movement), morphology (shape), and semen volume. It provides insight into reproductive health, testicular function, hormone balance, and overall vitality. Abnormal results may be linked to nutrient deficiencies, toxin exposure, inflammation, oxidative stress, or hormone imbalances—all of which are key considerations for male fertility and preconception care.

A hormonal ratio measuring the balance between catabolic cortisol and anabolic dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), reflective of stress and aging processes.

Ratio of total testosterone to SHBG, estimating the biologically active fraction of circulating androgens.

Assesses the balance of androgens to estrogens, relevant in fertility, PCOS, and hormonal disorders.

Cortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands in response to signals from the brain. It plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, blood sugar, blood pressure, immune response, and the sleep–wake cycle. Cortisol levels rise during stress to help the body respond and adapt, but chronic elevation or dysregulation can contribute to fatigue, weight gain, inflammation, and mood disturbances.

ACTH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. It acts as a key control point in the body’s stress response system. Measuring ACTH alongside cortisol helps determine whether hormonal imbalances are due to issues in the adrenal glands or in the brain’s signaling pathways.

Measures the total concentration of PSA, a protein produced by both normal and abnormal prostate cells. Elevated levels can be associated with benign prostate enlargement (BPH), prostatitis, or prostate cancer, making it a key screening and monitoring tool for prostate health.

Measures the unbound form of PSA circulating in the blood. Free PSA tends to be higher in benign conditions and lower in prostate cancer, providing additional context when total PSA is elevated.

Represents the ratio of free PSA to total PSA. A lower percentage suggests a higher likelihood of prostate cancer, while a higher percentage typically points to a benign condition. This marker helps improve the accuracy of prostate cancer risk assessment.

Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) is a protein found in the blood that is often used as a biomarker for ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of CA-125 can indicate ovarian cancer, but they can also be associated with benign conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, and even menstruation or pregnancy.

ApoE genotyping identifies genetic variants that influence how the body processes fats and cholesterol. The presence of the ApoE4 allele is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. This test provides valuable insight into brain aging, cognitive decline risk, and can help guide personalized prevention strategies focused on brain health, lipid metabolism, and inflammation.

This test identifies variants in the MTHFR gene, which impact the body's ability to methylate - a vital process for detoxification, neurotransmitter production, and converting folate into its active form. Certain MTHFR mutations can impair the breakdown of homocysteine, leading to elevated levels associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and mood disorders. These variants may also increase the need for specific B vitamins like B9, B6, and B12.

Aluminium is a non-essential metal that can accumulate in the body through environmental exposure (e.g. cookware, antacids, personal care products). Elevated levels may impact neurological function, and have been associated with cognitive decline, oxidative stress, and impaired detoxification.

Arsenic is a toxic element found in contaminated water, certain foods (like rice), and industrial pollutants. Chronic exposure is linked to skin, liver, and cardiovascular toxicity, as well as increased cancer risk. This marker helps assess long-term toxic burden.

Lead is a neurotoxic heavy metal that can enter the body through old plumbing, paint, contaminated soil, or industrial exposure. Even low levels can affect brain development, cognitive performance, and cardiovascular health. It's especially harmful to children and reproductive health.

Mercury is a heavy metal commonly acquired through seafood, dental amalgams, and environmental exposure. It can impair brain function, thyroid health, and mitochondrial activity. Elevated levels may contribute to fatigue, mood issues, and neurological symptoms.

A toxic heavy metal found in cigarette smoke, food, and industrial pollutants. Cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and can impair detoxification, increase oxidative stress, and raise the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.

An essential mineral for blood sugar control, but toxic in its industrial hexavalent form. Toxic chromium exposure can damage DNA, irritate the lungs, and raise cancer risk.

Found in stainless steel, coins, and certain foods. Excess nickel can cause skin reactions, respiratory issues, and may disrupt kidney or reproductive function in high exposures.

Basophils are white blood cells involved in parasitic defense, allergic reactions and the release of histamine. Though they make up a small percentage of total WBCs, elevated levels can indicate chronic allergies, histamine intolerance, or underlying inflammatory or autoimmune processes.

Eosinophils are white blood cells that defend against parasites and respond to allergens and environmental triggers. Elevated levels may indicate parasitic infection, asthma, eczema, food sensitivities, or inflammation in the gut or skin.

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. They are central to adaptive immunity, targeting viruses, bacteria, and abnormal cells. Imbalances may reflect infections, autoimmune activity, or immune suppression.

Monocytes are white blood cells involved in tissue repair, detoxification, and immune defense. They respond to chronic infections, inflammation, and environmental toxins. Elevated levels may indicate ongoing immune activation, gut barrier dysfunction, or low-grade inflammation.

Neutrophils are the immune system’s first responders, primarily defending against bacterial and fungal infections. High levels often signal acute infection or inflammation, while low levels may reflect immune suppression, nutrient deficiencies, or adrenal stress.

White Blood Cell Count measures the total number of immune cells in the blood and reflects overall immune system activity. Elevated levels suggest infection, inflammation, or stress, while low levels can indicate immune suppression, chronic illness, or micronutrient depletion.

A marker of inflammation and thrombosis risk calculated by dividing platelet count by white blood cell count.

Blood Urea Nitrogen measures the amount of urea (a waste product from protein breakdown) in the blood. It reflects kidney function, hydration status, and protein metabolism.

This ratio compares blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine levels in the blood and helps assess kidney function, hydration status, and potential causes of kidney impairment. A high ratio may indicate dehydration, gastrointestinal bleeding, or catabolic states, while a low ratio can suggest liver disease, malnutrition, or overhydration.

Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys. It’s a reliable indicator of kidney function. Elevated levels may suggest reduced kidney clearance, while very low levels can occur with low muscle mass or chronic illness.

eGFR estimates how efficiently the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. It’s a key marker of kidney function. Lower values may indicate reduced filtration capacity, often before symptoms appear, and are used to assess risk for chronic kidney disease.

An estimated renal function measurement derived from serum creatinine, age, weight, and sex to approximate creatinine clearance rate.

Adjusts measured calcium for serum albumin levels, providing a more accurate estimate of physiologically active calcium.

Alanine Transaminase is an enzyme primarily found in the liver that helps break down amino acids. It’s one of the most sensitive markers of liver cell health. Elevated levels may reflect liver inflammation or damage due to medications, alcohol, poor diet, or toxin exposure - often before symptoms appear.

Albumin is the most abundant protein made by the liver. It maintains fluid balance and transports hormones, nutrients, and medications. Low levels may suggest liver dysfunction, inflammation, poor nutrient absorption, or protein malnutrition.

Alkaline Phosphatase is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, and bile ducts. High levels may reflect issues with bile flow, bone turnover, or nutrient deficiencies such as vitamin D or zinc. It’s often reviewed alongside other liver and bone markers for deeper context.

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is a liver enzyme involved in detoxification and bile flow. It’s often one of the earliest markers to rise with liver stress caused by alcohol, medications, or toxin load. It's a useful marker of liver burden and overall detox capacity.

Aspartate Transaminase is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, and muscles. It rises in response to liver or tissue stress. Because it’s not liver-specific, it's usually interpreted with Alanine Transaminase  to help pinpoint whether the issue is liver-related or due to muscle damage or inflammation.

Globulins are a group of proteins that support immune function, inflammation control, and nutrient transport. Imbalances may reflect chronic immune activation, infections, or protein metabolism issues.

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. It’s processed by the liver and excreted through bile. Elevated levels may indicate issues with liver detoxification, bile flow, or red blood cell turnover.

This test measures the combined amount of albumin and globulin in the blood. It reflects overall protein status, liver function, and immune activity.

Measures the ratio of transport proteins (albumin) and immune proteins (globulins) in your blood. A low ratio may indicate chronic infection, liver dysfunction, immune activation, or inflammation, while a high ratio may point to dehydration or suppressed immunity.

A ratio used to evaluate the severity of jaundice by comparing bilirubin levels to albumin, which binds bilirubin for clearance.

The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase, used to differentiate types of liver injury and prognosis in liver disease.

A liver enzyme ratio used to distinguish alcoholic from non-alcoholic liver disease and assess cholestasis versus hepatocellular damage.

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) is an electrolyte that helps regulate the body's acid-base balance. It is measured in kidney and liver function tests to assess pH stability, with abnormal levels indicating issues like metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.

Calcium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that supports nerve transmission, muscle contraction, heart rhythm, and bone strength. Optimal calcium levels reflect not just dietary intake, but also vitamin D status, parathyroid function, and kidney health.

An essential electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance, acid-base regulation, and proper nerve and muscle function. Imbalances may reflect issues with hydration, kidney function, or adrenal health.

A vital mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including energy production, muscle relaxation, nervous system regulation, and blood sugar control. Low levels are common and often linked to stress, poor sleep, and metabolic dysfunction.

A key electrolyte that supports muscle contraction, heart rhythm, and nerve signaling. Both low and high levels can impact cardiovascular and adrenal health, often reflecting imbalances in hydration, kidney function, or stress response.

A primary electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, blood pressure, and nerve function. Abnormal levels may indicate issues with hydration, adrenal hormones (like aldosterone), or kidney function.

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates, primarily produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Elevated levels may indicate pancreatic irritation (like pancreatitis), while low levels may suggest chronic pancreatic insufficiency.

Lipase is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down dietary fats for absorption. It plays a key role in fat digestion and is often used to assess pancreatic function, particularly in cases of suspected malabsorption or fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.

Measures your immune response to a range of common food allergies including egg, cow's milk, peanuts, tree nuts, sesame, soy, fish, shellfish, and wheat.

Measures your sensitivity to a range of common allergens found indoors and outdoors. This includes pollen, mould, cat dander, dog dander, and house dust mites - all of which can trigger symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, itchy eyes, and asthma.

This test identifies the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, a common bacterial STI. Often asymptomatic, chlamydia can lead to infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, or complications during pregnancy if untreated. Early detection supports effective treatment and prevention of transmission.

This test screens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacterial STI that may affect the genitals, throat, or rectum. Like chlamydia, it’s often silent but can cause serious complications if left untreated.

This test checks for antibodies or viral DNA related to HSV-1 (commonly oral herpes) and HSV-2 (commonly genital herpes). It helps determine past or current infection, even in the absence of symptoms, and is valuable for diagnosis, management, and understanding transmission risk.

This test detects both HIV antibodies (produced by the immune system) and the p24 antigen, an early protein made by the virus itself. It screens for both HIV-1 and HIV-2, helping identify infections sooner than antibody-only tests.

This blood test detects antibodies to Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Syphilis progresses in stages and can cause serious long-term damage if untreated. Early detection is key, as symptoms may be mild or mistaken for other conditions.

Trichomoniasis is caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It’s one of the most common curable STIs but often goes undiagnosed due to mild or absent symptoms. This test detects the presence of the parasite and is useful for identifying infections that may cause irritation, discharge, or inflammation.

The presence of glucose in urine (glycosuria) may indicate elevated blood sugar levels exceeding the kidney's threshold for reabsorption. It’s often a sign of poorly controlled blood glucose or early-stage diabetes and warrants further metabolic evaluation.

Urine ketones reflect the excretion of ketone bodies, which are produced when the body shifts from burning glucose to fat for fuel. This provides a snapshot of recent fat metabolism, often seen during fasting, low-carb diets, or metabolic stress.

The presence of white blood cells in urine suggests inflammation or infection in the urinary tract. Elevated levels can point to conditions like urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney inflammation.

Nitrites in urine are often a sign of bacterial infection, particularly from Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Their presence is commonly used to diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Urine pH reflects the body's acid-base balance, influenced by diet, hydration, and overall kidney function. A more alkaline pH may suggest a vegetarian diet or urinary tract infections, while acidic urine may indicate dehydration or metabolic conditions like acidosis.

Protein levels in urine should typically be very low or undetectable. Elevated levels (proteinuria) may indicate increased permeability of the kidney’s filtration barrier, often due to inflammation, early kidney dysfunction, or metabolic stress.

The presence of bacteria in urine indicates a potential infection, commonly a urinary tract infection (UTI). It may also reflect other urinary tract issues such as pyelonephritis or prostatitis, requiring further diagnostic evaluation.

The presence of red blood cells in urine (hematuria) may indicate bleeding somewhere along the urinary tract. This can result from urinary tract infections, kidney stones, physical trauma, vigorous exercise, or inflammatory conditions.

Squamous epithelial cells originate from the outer urethra or genital tract. Their presence in urine often suggests urine sample contamination. However, elevated levels may also reflect local irritation, inflammation, or changes in mucosal integrity due to hormonal imbalances or infection.

Microalbumin is a small protein that appears in urine when the kidneys begin to lose their filtering precision. Even mild elevations can indicate early kidney stress, endothelial dysfunction, or systemic inflammation. It’s a key early marker in conditions like insulin resistance, hypertension, and prediabetes.